This report, first published in September 2025 and updated in May 2026, provides an in-depth mapping of accountability mechanisms capable of addressing serious human rights violations and breaches of international criminal law in Belarus. It distinguishes between mechanisms that address state responsibility, those focused on individual criminal liability, and hybrid approaches that serve both functions. By setting out practical steps for engagement and clarifying the potential impact of each option, it serves as a guide for States and other actors seeking to advance accountability. The report outlines actions taken to date, identifies gaps in the current accountability landscape, and assesses the roles foreseen for victims and civil society organizations within each mechanism.
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